Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….i

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..…1

The Study Areas…………………………………………………………………………...2

Methodology……………………………………………………………………………....3

Community Perceptions of Destitution……………………………………………………3

The Context of Destitution………………………………………………………………...4

            Drought………..……………………………………………………………………………….4

Land redistribution………………………………………………………………………..4

Trends in local ecology and livelihoods………………………………………………..5

Development interventions……………………………………………………………….6

Processes of Destitution…………………………………………………………………...6

Types of Destitute Households…………………………………………………………..11

            Landless/Land-short/Labor adequate/Oxenless Households………………………….11

            Landless/Land-short/Labor-short/Oxenless households……………………………….11

                        Female headed households…………………………………………………………..12

                        Elderly headed households…………………………………………………………..12

            Land Owner/Labor Adequate/Capital (seed, ox) Deficient Households…………….12

Poor or Constrained Households…………………………………………………………13

                        Land short/Labor Adequate/Oxen owning Households…………………………..13

                        Land short/Labor-short/Oxen owning Households……………………………….13

Strategies Used to Combat Destitution…………………………………………………..13

Social Networks and Support of the Destitute…………………………………………...16

Escaping Destitution……………………………………………………………………..20

The Impact of Development Interventions………………………………………………23

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….25

Preventing and Reducing Destitution……………………………………………………26

            An anti-drought/famine strategy…………………………………………………………..27

            An agricultural strategy…………………………………………………………………….27

            An income diversification strategy………………………………………………………..27

A demographic strategy………………………………………………………………….…28

References……………………………………………………………………………….30

Annex…………………………………………………………………………………….31

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